Contingent Convertible (CoCo) is a hybrid debt issued by banks with a specific feature forcing its conversion to equity in the event of the bank's financial distress. CoCo carries two major risks: the risk of default, which threatens any type of debt instrument, plus the exclusive risk of...

Earnings management is a globally used tool for long-term profitable enterprises and for the apparatus of reduction of bankruptcy risk in developed countries. This phenomenon belongs to the integral and fundamental part of their business finance. However, this has still been lax in emerging...