Most European national policy systems have gradually intensified their efforts to support the development of the biotechnology knowledge base and its industrial application. The aim of this paper is to increase understanding of the national approaches to promote biotechnology in Europe, to...

This paper analyses and compares the policies that are likely to influence the development of biotechnology in two small European Union (EU) Member States (Ireland and Portugal) from an innovation systems perspective. It looks at how the actors present in each country perceive the relative...

This paper sets a bibliometric analysis of Greek biotechnology publications in the context of national policy for biotechnology, and the characteristics of the economy so as to identify how far policy intentions are being achieved. Agro-food biotechnology research receives a high proportion of...

Recent rapid growth in university—industry links has led to debate on the consequences for the universities. This paper, based on a study of the effects of the UK's Teaching Company Scheme (TCS) on academic participants, indicates few overall effects, with change occurring mainly at the...

There have been widespread changes to the organisation and structure of public-sector research (PSR) throughout Europe. The changes appear to have negative consequences for human resources in research and technological development (RTD) but we lack reliable empirical evidence to assess their...