Categorisations of research have existed for a long time and have in particular been influential since the first international R&D statistics manual was developed. However, the definitions and categorisations have come under increasing pressure. Scientists and policy-makers alike have claimed...

Research councils have often met difficult balancing acts, for instance between basic and applied research, disciplinary and cross-disciplinary work, and trade-off decisions about review and monitoring systems. Contemporary councils such as the Research Council of Norway (RCN) often have...

This article addresses the increasing formalization of cross-sector collaboration between universities and industry seen in the development of public funding schemes such as collaborative research centers (CRCs). This policy trend is analyzed in the article and investigated empirically, treating...

Because of ideological resistance, the USA often pursues industrial policy by indirect means. There are continuing conflicts over the appropriate role of government, industry and academia in innovation: an indirect and decentralized industrial policy may be more effective than traditional direct...