Using co-authored scientific papers as indicators of research collaboration the pattern of research linkages in the UK during the 1980s is analysed. All sectors collaborate with each other at a rate proportional to publishing size to a first approximation. However, there are deviations from this...

Highly cited American papers are selectively cited by American patents. A US paper among the top 1% most highly cited papers is nine times more likely to be cited by a US patent than a randomly chosen US paper. Governments hoping that the research they fund will foster innovation should...

The UK science system consists of institutions that produce scientific and technical knowledge and the collaborations between them. Collaboration between institutions, as measured using co-authored scientific papers, is increasing steadily. Collaboration between individuals, indicated by papers...