, variance and an independent skewness parameter under both measures. The model predicts that the spread between historical and … risk-neutral volatilities is a function of the risk premium and of skewness. In fact, the equity premium is twice the ratio … of the volatility spread to skewness. We measure skewness from option prices and test these predictions. We find that …

This paper shows that changes in market participants' fear of rare events implied by crude oil options contribute to …