The relationship between industrial policy and merger control is one of the most controversial topics in European competition law. The debate has become particularly intense in recent years given the perceived failure of free markets and the return of government intervention into the economy. In...

The objectives of this paper are to: (i) describe the fining policy of the European Commission for breach of EU competition rules; (ii) assess this policy in light of the criticisms that have been made by academics, practitioners and other stakeholders; and (iii) to the extent these criticisms...

The present paper is based on observations I submitted to DG Competition in response to its calls for observations made in the context of its decision to host a conference in Brussels in January 2019 on “Shaping competition policy in the era of digitisation”, as well as to the U.K. Digital...

Over the past three decades, Member States have created a variety of regulatory authorities, generally in response to the adoption of liberalization directives by the European Union. Because of the substantial power they enjoy and the importance of their tasks, it is widely recognized that it is...

On 20 October 2016, Advocate General (AG) Wahl delivered its Opinion in Intel's appeal to the Court of Justice of the EU against the judgment of the General Court of the EU. In this Opinion, in which AG Wahl advises the Court of Justice to set aside the judgement of the General Court, AG Wahl...

Online advertising is what funds free online content. Since its birth in the 1990’s, it has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar industry. At the core of this industry lies the ability to identify and track users through various technical means, such as web cookies. Online tracking for...

The Apple App Store is the only channel through which app developers may distribute their apps on iOS. First launched in 2008, the App Store has evolved into a highly profitable marketplace, with overall consumer spend exceeding $ 50 billion in 2019. However, concerns are being increasingly...