The European Union tariff schedule includes a large number of specific and composite tariffs as well as many tariff-rate quotas (TRQs), which affect the composition of imports. By altering price ratios between products with different unit values, both can generate the typical Alchian-Allen...

In the international trade literature there seems to be some confusion between quot;opennessquot; and quot;protectionquot; measures. The aim of this paper is to bring together the quot;state of the artquot; in quantifying trade policy measures, so we focus on the extent of the protection granted...