The paper examines the evolution of the thesis which states that the type of colonization determines, or conditions, the future of societies. Adam Smith already presented this proposition and a typology of colonies. However, it were the German authors Heeren and Roscher, in the 19th century, who...

This paper distinguishes how the source of lending affects gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Brazilian municipalities between 2007 and 2016. A unique data set allows us to discriminate between the effects of lending operated by either private or public commercial banks, and loans...