The seminal study by Fama and MacBeth in 1973 initiated a stream of papers testing for the cross-sectional relation between return and risk. The debate as to whether beta is a valid measure of risk was reanimated by Fama and French and subsequent studies. Rather than focusing on exogenous...

The relationships between 'direct' and 'indirect' property investment, emphasizing information asymmetry and price discovery, have been investigated in the framework of cointegration and using the concept of Granger causality. The implications of information asymmetry in the market have been...