This paper investigates the causal relationships between sentiment and returns under different market scenarios. In contrast to previous studies that subjectively identify the bullish and bearish markets, we apply a threshold model to detect the extreme level of investors’ sentiment...

This study extends the herding measures proposed by Warmers (1999), Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1992) and Borensztein and Gaston (2003) for stocks overbought and oversold by institutional investors as well as the information content related to institutional herding proposed by Nofsinger and...