<title>Abstract</title> This study attempts to extend the four-factor MACH IV scale for cruel, exploitative, deceitful behaviours (Machiavellianism), designed in a North American and university student context, to the competitive business environment in the Asia-Pacific region: Hong Kong, Singapore, and...

Shopping in various retail formats involves both utilitarian and hedonic value. Taiwan residents shop at department stores and hypermarkets frequently, compared to other retailers. This study contrasts the differential effects of shopping value on retail outcomes in department stores and...