This paper presents, a non-technical introduction to the economic principles relevant for transport pricing design and analysis. We provide the basic rationale behind pricing of externalities, discuss why simple Pigouvian tax rules that equate charges to marginal external costs are not optimal...

It can be imagined that a reward may be a far more popular policy instrument than the traditional taxation approach towards containing externalities, usually presented in public economics literature. Given the implied policy potential, we conducted an extensive reward experiment in real world...

On the basis of the outcomes of five disaggregate national models for passenger transport, four national models for freight transport and two European transport models, a fast and approximate meta-model for passenger and freight transport in Europe has been developed. The meta-model for...