This paper analyses the redistributive effects generated by the subsidization of urban public transport services. We estimate a two-stage model that takes into account both car ownership decisions and expenditure in urban public transport. In this way, we are able to measure the long run effects...

One of the most popular options for promoting public transport use is the provision of an integrated and high‐quality public transport system. This was the strategy adopted by the regional government in Madrid, Spain, in 1986, and since then public transport patronage has increased by more...