A common objective of analytical modeling of a shipper's physical distribution system is the minimization of costs. As a result, many cost expressions relating to distribution activities have appeared in the literature. This paper discusses the modeling of shipper costs through an examination of...

This paper addresses a hub-and-spoke network problem for railroad freight, where a central planner is to find transport routes, frequency of service, length of trains to be used, and transportation volume. Hub-and-spoke networks, often found in air freight, have not been favoured by railways in...