In studies of parking policy, the role of parking pricing has been addressed. Most researches have focused on the determination of a proper price for city parking spaces that are open to the public and it is now evident that price is used by authorities as a tool to manage transport demand....

Real-time section-wide lane traffic variables such as density and lane-changing are vital to traffic control and management in urban areas. They can be used as decision variables to determine traffic control and management strategies in real time as well as characterize road traffic congestion...