The efficiency of the container port industry has been variously studied utilising either Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) or Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Given the strengths and weaknesses associated with these two approaches, the efficiency estimates and scale properties derived from...

Environmental damage cost (EDC) is traditionally ignored in the pavement cost evaluation. This study used a combined life cycle assessment–life cycle cost analysis (LCA–LCCA) model to optimize the pavement maintenance plans with the incorporation of EDC. The paper introduced a comprehensive...