A container truck transportation problem that involves multiple depots with time windows at both origins and destinations, including the reposition of empty containers, is formulated as a multi-traveling salesman problem with time windows (m-TSPTW) with multiple depots. Since the problem is...

Strategies to reposition empty containers are an unabated issue for shipping companies. This study compares the repositioning costs of foldable containers to those of standard containers. Mathematical models are used to minimize the total relevant cost, which includes the folding/unfolding cost,...