country facing the sanctions is likely to develop trade relations with third parties that are not part of the sanction …While economic sanctions may be attractive policy tools for governments wanting to express discontent with a country …'s behaviour, it is arguable if from an economic perspective sanctions can achieve the change that is often envisaged through the …

their use of the DSM, especially when their use of the mechanism is compared to their participation in world trade. This …

Rising current account and merchandise trade imbalances marked the years before the global financial and economic … activities - negotiations, rule-making and dispute settlement - to deal with trade imbalances and with the main factors leading … argument that could be made for the use of WTO-triggered trade actions to enforce cooperative behaviour towards rebalancing …

-reducing trade skirmishes. The DSP is interpreted as an impartial arbitrator that announces its opinion about the state of the world … with the introduction of the DSP, in order to maintain the incentive-compatibility of trade agreements. The model implies … that trade agreements under the WTO lead to fewer trade skirmishes but this effect does not necessarily result in higher …

analysis in practice. -- WTO ; DSU ; arbitrations ; reciprocity ; retaliation ; market access ; terms-of-trade externality …

Economic theory has made considerable progress in explaining why sovereign countries cooperate in trade. Central to … most theories of trade cooperation are issues of self-enforcement: The threat of reprisal by an aggrieved party maintains … explaining why countries choose to settle and enforce their trade disputes with the help of an impartial third party, a “trade …

Commitments in regional trade agreements (RTAs) that fall short of the same countries' obligations under the General … Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) are a relatively frequent phenomenon. However, they have gone widely unnoticed in the …. -- Trade in Services ; GATS ; Regionalism …

This study surveys preferential rules of origin applied by 192 regional trade agreements (RTAs) covering trade in goods … to provide a reality-check of how these rules affect actual trade. That is done by an ex-post examination of data on the … preferential rules of origin is the avoidance of trade deflection, the practice in RTAs has diluted this objective and it would …

LDCs' trade patterns changed in the past decade, thanks to the rebalancing of global demand towards large emerging …. With the exception of 2006-2008, the LDCs as a group have systematically recorded a trade deficit. The 2008-2009 global … diversification. But GVC participation cannot materialize without a proper trade environment. Some of the main obstacles for joining …

We estimate the effects of trade facilitation on the extensive margins of trade. Using OECD Trade Facilitation … Indicators – which closely reflect the Trade Facilitation Agreement negotiated at the Bali WTO Ministerial Conference of December … 2013 – we show that trade facilitation in a given exporting country is positively correlated with the number of products …