The German Hartz reforms, introduced by the Red-Green coalition government in the years 2003 to 2005, form part of a broader pattern of European activation policies which have become known as new labour policies. The idea of these reforms was to reduce welfare dependency and to boost activity...

Angesichts anhaltend hoher und jüngst wieder steigender Arbeitslosenzahlen ist die Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit ein herausragendes Ziel deutscher wie europäischer Politik. Dabei ist es mit den „Hartz-Reformen“ der Jahre 2003 bis 2005 zuletzt zu den tiefstgreifenden arbeitsmarkt- und...

Only few previous studies have explored cross-national variation in the relationship between educational certificates and competences. In this paper, we investigate the certificate-competence relationship, operationalized as skills gaps by level of educational attainment. More importantly, we...