There is a common perception that low productivity or low growth is due to what can be called an `innovation shortfall …,` usually identified as a low rate of investment in research and development (RD) compared with some high-innovation countries … problems that impede accumulation of all kinds of capital. When does a country suffer from an innovation shortfall above and …

Institutions of higher education are considered as an important source of innovation. Consequently, big efforts are … factors affect the innovation and knowledge transfer activities of male and female academics. We show that Gender differences … position) affect such innovation transfer activities. While women generate fewer inventions than men, the fulltime employed …