In the history of economic thought, Shackle was one of the representative critics about probability based economic … probability. In 1980s, the potential surprise is axiomatized by Katzner as Kolmogorov-styled measure defined on the &#x1d70e …

generally guided by call-put option pricing models - which rely on an ergodic notion of probability that conforms to a normal … distribution function. This paper considers critiques of the above models, which include Keynes's Treatise on Probability (1921 … of probability. …

local municipalities do not have a higher probability of getting work early after arrival. …

observe that a decision maker is unaware of an event if and only if her choices reveal that the event is null and the negation … of the event is null. Moreover, we characterize impersonal expected utility that is behaviorally indistinguishable from … awareness-dependent subject expected utility and assigns probability zero to some subsets of states that are not necessarily …

graphing tools are used, such as, probability paper and different specifications of exponential functions representing … cumulative probability distributions. The argument is that traditional time-series analysis implies a given universe, usually …