This study contributes to the literature on how parenthood affects the withincouple gender earnings gap. It examines how this 'child penalty' on women's earnings varies with the education level of both partners and the woman's relative education within the couple. Using Austrian register data on...

The relationship between parenthood and gendered labor market outcomes has been extensively studied, with the 'child penalty'-defined as the effect of having children on mothers' labor earnings relative to their partners'-documented in many countries. While prior research has explored...