Energy plays a vital role in the development of any economy and given its unequal distribution trade in energy …, energy-related services were mostly supplied by the government. With liberalization and globalization the sector underwent … significant transformation. Many new services developed and large multinationals emerged which increased global trade in energy …

European policies. Accordingly, the protection of critical infrastructures and in particular, the resilience of the energy …

Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in the energy market. In the last years, demand for … promising opportunities not only to fight climate change, but also to redraw geopolitical relations between states. The energy … transition is already taking place, with renewable energies gradually eroding the global energy system based on fossil fuels. A …

impose targeted measures (e.g., "smart" sanctions) that hurt the antagonist directly, and comprehensive measures (e.g., trade …

. In this context monitoring and sanctions are important policy tools. In this paper, we analyze the impact of strict … sanctions on job search outcomes for young welfare recipients in Germany. The German benefit system is characterized by harsh … sanctions for this group. Strict sanctions effectively take away the benefits for three months if young welfare recipients do …

peer-to-peer sanctions more strongly than that of centralized sanctions. This may contribute to explaining the greater …

Labor market policy tools such as training and sanctions are commonly used to help bring workers back to work. By … outcomes before and after exposure to training and sanctions. We find that training improves cardiovascular and mental health … sanctions cause a short-run deterioration of mental health, possibly due higher stress levels, but this tapers out quickly. …

benchmark model of sovereign default and direct creditor sanctions by Obstfeld and Rogoff (1996). In their model it is in the …

While significant attention has been dedicated to sanctions episodes among major economies which usually rely on a … diverse set of trade partners, little is known about the impact of sanctions imposed by senders on economies highly dependent …