associated volatility. The sample period includes the Asian economic and financial crises in 1997, and part of the global … alternative short and long run estimates of conditional volatility are sensitive to the approximate long memory in the conditional … mean, to examine asymmetry and leverage in volatility, and to examine the effects of temporal and spatial aggregation. The …

economic growth, every country has sensibly invested in international cooperation, learning, innovation, technology diffusion … is necessary to increase expenditure on R&D for business enterprises and higher education, exports and technology. If the …

Modelling, monitoring and forecasting volatility are indispensible to sensible portfolio risk management. The … volatility of an asset of composite index can be traded by using volatility derivatives, such as volatility and variance swaps …, options and futures. The most popular volatility index is VIX, which is a key measure of market expectations of volatility …

This paper analyzes two indexes in order to capture the volatility inherent in El Niños Southern Oscillations (ENSO … suitable for modelling ENSO volatility accurately, and that 1998 is a turning point, which indicates that the ENSO strength has …

mean and volatility. The endogenous structural breakpoint unit root test, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model …, and alternative volatility models, including the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model … reached a peak in 2008. We also find that that the volatility of global fertilizer prices and crude oil price from March to …

realized volatility models, not confusing thresholds, asymmetry and leverage, not underestimating the complexity of … multivariate volatility models, and thinking carefully about forecasting models and expertise. …

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the volatility in global fertilizer prices. The endogenous structural … breakpoint unit root test and alternative volatility models, including the generalized autoregressive conditional … volatility of global fertilizer prices and crude oil price from March to December 2008 are higher than in other periods, and that …

purpose of this paper is to analyze these two indexes in order to capture the volatility inherent in ENSO. The empirical … results show that both the ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1) and ARMA(3,2)-GJR(1,1) models are suitable for modelling ENSO volatility …

exchange rate increases the significant direct and indirect past shock and volatility effects on future volatility between the …