innovation distinguishing between "dirty" (internal combustion engine) and "clean" (e.g. electric and hybrid) patents across 80 … tax-inclusive fuel prices. Furthermore, there is path dependence in the type of innovation both from aggregate spillovers … and from the firm's own innovation history. Using our model we simulate the increases in carbon taxes needed to allow …

factor productivity, and climate sensitivity. It estimates the pdfs of key output variables, including CO2 concentrations …

productivity. However, this is not the only channel for climatic change to affect agro-systems. Biodiversity is subject to climatic … fluctuations and in turn may alter land productivity too. Firstly, biodiversity is an input into agro-ecosystems. Secondly … important wildlife species which, though not always, play a functional role in land productivity, nonetheless constitute …