enough, pollution in common market is higher than in autarky. International trade reduces the social welfare. …

the income-pollution pattern observed in the real world. Low levels of income involve high values of discount rate, that … are obstacles to the adoption of a pollution abatement policy. Only when the discount rate falls, as a consequence of …-shaped income-pollution pattern, making use of an argument that has never yet been introduced in the economic debate on this issue. …

scale of economic activity and the level of pollution. In particular, if we concentrate on local pollutants several … empirical studies have identified a bell shaped curve linking pollution to per capita GDP (in the case of global pollutants like … across pollutants) the turning point pollution starts to decline as income further increases. In analogy with the historic …

The relationship between economic growth and pollution is very complex, depending upon a host of different factors … must hold in order to obtain an inverted-U functional relationship between pollution and growth. These models are however …