-achieving students and no significant effects among low achievers. Students in top tracking enjoyed multiple advantages, particularly a … concentration of high-performing peers and a very homogeneous classroom, that facilitated the teacher's work and increased students …' effort l evels. Bimodal classes fostered greater effort levels among top students, while teachers induced less competition …

We exploit the randomized evaluation of a remedying education intervention that improved the reading skills of low …-performing third grade students in Colombia, to study whether providing educational support to low-achieving students affects the …-form effect on higher-achieving students as a spillover effect within treated schools. We then estimate a linear-in-means model of …

We exploit the randomized evaluation of a remedying education intervention that improved the reading skills of low …-performing third grade students in Colombia, to study whether providing educational support to low-achieving students affects the …-form effect on higher-achieving students as a spillover effect within treated schools. We then estimate a linear-in-means model of …

estimates, while causal, may also reflect peer effects due to differences in peer quality of non-randomized students. We exploit … universal random assignment of students to high schools in certain areas of South Korea to provide estimates of school effects …