have influenced the direction of innovation over the last four decades. Our findings suggest that the demography of …

demand, borrowing-constraints and the profitability of engaging in innovation (R&D). We decompose the effects of RER changes …

In this paper, we assess the economic viability of innovation by producers relative to two increasingly important … alternative models: innovations by single-user individuals or firms and open collaborative innovation. We analyze the design costs … and architectures and communication costs associated with each model. We conclude that both innovation by individual users …