of where production is expected, rather than trade flows that reflect past investment decisions. Exploiting differences …

and clothing firms in both countries corroborate these findings. Reforms in trade policy (including rules of origin …), trade facilitation, trade-related standards, and institutions could help both countries better take advantage of value chain …

investment (FDI) to local firms stem from persistent learning externalities (i.e., they endure even after foreign investment … growth declining when FDI falls, particularly in downstream industries supplied by locals. This suggests that if FDI …-attracting policies are intended to promote sustainable growth, it may be more effective to attract and retain FDI via long …

-Saharan African countries. They especially examine the effects from the trade channel, through changes in European economic activity … regimes and geographical trade patterns point to large differences in exposure to changes in the real exchange rate. Capital …

planning, weak governance and implementation capacity, and inadequate infrastructure, among others. Since 2006, China has …, resettlement and coordination issues, and lack of external infrastructure …