urbanization patterns differ substantially, with some countries fostering migration out of agriculture into rural off farm … middle (the rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns) yields more inclusive growth patterns and faster poverty reduction …As countries develop, they restructure away from agriculture and urbanize. But structural transformation and …

/4-2010 shows that about one in two individuals/households who exited poverty did so by transitioning from agriculture into the … rural nonfarm economy or secondary towns. Only one in seven exited poverty by migrating to a large city, although those … moving to a city experienced on average faster consumption growth. Further analysis of a much larger cross-country panel of …

Should public investment be targeted to big cities or to small towns, if the objective is to minimize national poverty … income, migration cost and poverty line conditions under which a poverty gradient from rural to town to city will exist as an …

The central governments of many developing countries have chosen to decentralize their anti-poverty programs, in the …-based poverty program in the world, namely China's Di Bao program, which aims to assure a minimum income through means …

of poverty but fairly decent living conditions. By contrast, most of Nairobi's slum residents have jobs and comparatively … levels are high, but living conditions are not as bad as in Nairobi. These findings suggest that reduction in income poverty … conditions. Since not all slum residents are poor, living conditions also vary within slums depending on poverty status. Compared …

Considerations of risk and vulnerability are key to understanding the dynamics of poverty in rural Malawi. This study … 2010 two-fifths of all households had a chance of at least 40 percent of falling below the poverty line in the future. The … results show that many households in rural Malawi are vulnerable to poverty, although, as with many other studies of rural …

The Nepal Poverty Alleviation Fund is a World Bank supported community-driven development program. Its objective is to …-on-the-treated estimate on real per capita consumption is 19 percent growth. Other impacts include a 19 percentage points decline on incidence …

This paper provides evidence from eight developing countries of an inverse relationship between poverty and city size …. Poverty is both more widespread and deeper in very small and small towns than in large or very large cities. This basic … pattern is generally robust to choice of poverty line. The paper shows, further, that for all eight countries, a majority of …

poverty measures since 1970, with an acceleration post-1991, despite rising inequality. Faster poverty decline came with …Longstanding development issues are revisited in the light of a newly-constructed data set of poverty measures for … higher growth and a more pro-poor pattern of growth. Post-1991 data suggest stronger inter-sectoral linkages: urban …

. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing … appreciating the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle … ground between semi-subsistence agriculture and the capitalistic city, between what is close by and familiar and what is much …