Thailand's urban planning was stuck in a growth paradigm that concentrated on land-use management to respond to the population and economic growth since 1975. However, most provincial cities have experienced a population decline. As a result, many of the provincial cities' comprehensive plans...

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are a global phenomenon. They are particularly evident in expansive urban centers such as Bangkok, Thailand's capital. Recent research has highlighted the escalation of temperatures and poor ventilation due to severe urbanization. Nevertheless, scant attention has been...