Introduction: The ability of observational studies to draw conclusions on causal relationships between covariates and outcomes can be improved by incorporating randomly matched controls using the propensity scoring method. This procedure controls for pre-program differences between the enrolled...

Most health management programs, such as disease management or health promotion/wellness interventions, implement targeted interventions for an identified high-risk group, leaving the remaining non-managed lower-risk population as controls. This is problematic from an outcomes perspective...

The US disease management (DM) industry continues to endorse the use of the methodologically flawed pre-post design to evaluate financial outcomes, which regularly reports returns on investment of up to 8___1. This is in sharp contrast to the peer-reviewed literature and large Medicare...