The study presented here reviews activities of NGOs in Sudan. That was a disputable issue that resulted in a mass expulsion of many in 2009. However¸ there were precedents of such expulsions in previous and following years. The paper discusses humanitarian work in Sudan, positive and negative...

During the previous time of producing oil and gas in gulf area, so much of complicated relationship between producers and consumers happened. Mostly the winners were the powerful team. This article discusses one side of the political and economical side of the relationship and how the conflict...

Currently, oil is considered as the most important commodity in our planet. It exceeds third of the international trade while world transportation, electricity, agriculture, and industry depend on oil. Economists have different opinions regarding issue of cause and effect of oil industry and...

Islamic markets offer different instruments to satisfy providers and users of funds in a variety of ways: sales, trade financing, and investment. Basic instruments include cost-plus financing (murabaha), profit-sharing (mudaraba) ,leasing (ijara), partnership (musharaka) ,and for ward sale...

Islamic finance is one of the fastest growing segments of global financial industry. In some countries, it has become systemically important and, in many others, it is too big to be ignored. While it represents a small proportion of the global finance market (estimated at 1%-5% of global share),...

Islamic banks and financial institutions have started recently issuing Islamic credit cards as substitutes to the conventional credit cards, after the later were unanimously deemed unlawful by the Shariah scholars due to the Riba involved therein. However, the Islamic credit cards are not of the...

Reciprocal loans are loans that are conditional on each other; a lender stipulates that the borrower provides him a simultaneous or deferred loan in exchange for his loan. The prohibition may approach this transaction from two angles; one is the possibility of the occurrence of Riba as the...