Somalia has been without effective state institutions since 1991. Over the past two decades, moderately effective state-like institutions have been rebuilt in Somaliland and Puntland in northern Somalia, but they do not enjoy international recognition and are limited in power and scope. This...

The working paper investigates the relationship between export performance and wage competitiveness in the manufacturing sector. Analyses in the paper show that among industrialised countries for the period since 1995 countries with the greatest deterioration in wage competitiveness have also...