, exports, and labour productivity, have lost prominence in explaining economic dynamics. We argue that, in the absence of … productivity growth - exacerbates macroeconomic disparities in terms of labour productivity. While nominal wages act as a potential …

In 2021, German unit labour costs were an average of 13 per cent higher than in the 27 countries in our comparison and …, this was not enough to compensate for such relatively high labour costs. Between 1999 and 2021, unit labour costs in … relative unit labour cost position of German industry has passed through a number of different phases. Following a sharp …

In 2017, unit labour costs in Germany's manufacturing industry remained high in comparison with the foreign competition …. On average, unit labour costs in the comparator countries were 8 per cent below the German level. The cost advantage of … enough to compensate for the disadvantage of high labour costs. Nor is Germany exceptional in how unit labour costs have …

We describe the impact of globalisation across West German regional labour markets. The main losers are the Ruhr area …