high rates of regional violence. But little quantitative evidence exists on the causal relationship between violence and … international emigration in this or any other region. This paper studies the relationship between violence in the Northern Triangle …-term increases in violence is roughly equal to the explanatory power of long-term economic characteristics like average income and …

victimization surveys and compares the role of individual and family characteristics for five forms of childhood violence, including …, aggravated violence, and domestic abuse; that 30% of young victims of sex and threats will be victimized again; and that the …

impact of in-utero exposure to local violence - measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of …, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence …

impact of in-utero exposure to local violence – measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of …, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence …