Collective bargaining in Germany takes place either at the industry level or at the firm level; collective bargaining coverage is much higher than union density; and not all employees in a covered firm are necessarily covered. This institutional setup suggests to explicitly distinguish union...

In order to con¯ne excessive levels of temporary layo®s, US ¯rms are taxed - albeit incom-pletely - according to the unemployment insurance bene¯ts claimed by their laid o® workers.In contrast, German construction ¯rms are not charged according to their layo® historyand should thus have...

Governments often reallocate administrative units among ministries to meet parties' office and policy demands or to increase political control over the bureaucracy. How do such reforms affect the work motivation and performance of ministerial bureaucrats? Based on self-determination theory, this...