In studies concluding that public debt may hamper GDP, the debt tipping effects are estimated as if there were a single world currency. This means that such studies ignore the likely biggest cause of changes in growth rates, namely damage from exchange rate liquidity shocks because we do not...

It is here shown that the extension of expected utility theory to multiple periods destroys the axiomatic base by introducing timing contradictions in what the chooser knows at a single time point. It is shown that some of these timing contradictions remain even if, as Samuelson (1952) proposed,...

Economists invoke Mundell (1961) in arguing for the general policy of a flexible exchange rate regime as a means of restoring equilibria after shocks. But there is a discrepancy between the intent of the general policy and attempts at its implementation as identified by specific changes in...

In rich countries, the population percentage under drug therapy for depressions is rising rapidly decade by decade for children, adolescent and young adults with no evidence of any long term success for this chronic ailment. There is also in rich countries relative to most poor ones, for each...