In our sample of 1,937 US mergers (1995 to 2011), 8.4 percent of all targets received oers with negative premiums where the initial bid undercuts the pre-announcement market price. We theoretically show that target overvaluation, market liquidity and `hidden earnouts', where target shareholders...

Although many studies acknowledge negative premiums, there exists no theoretical or dedicated empirical analysis of the phenomenon. In our sample of 1,937 US mergers (1995 to 2011), 8.4 percent of all targets received offers with negative premiums where the initial bid undercuts the...

The merger wave that took place during the first phase of globalization, which lasted from 1895 to 1914, changed the industrial structure in Europe and the U.S. remarkably. Therefore, it is of great importance to assess whether mergers were successful during this period. Noteworthy, studies that...

My study provides a panel approach to quantify the impact of trading mechanisms and stock characteristics on spread components. Based on the two-way decomposition of Huang and Stoll (1997), a cross-sectional dimension is added. Arrelano and Bover's (1995) dynamic GMM procedure and the Helmert''s...