A parental seller with market power to some degree in its product market can earn rents. In this context, there is a gain to granting credit for the purchase of the product and thus the establishment of captive finance company for expanding the sales by offering loans to consumers who need...

This paper develops a limiting theory for Wald tests of weak exogeneity in error correction models (ECMs). It is well known that Wald statistics on cointegrated systems may involve nonstandard distribution and nuisance parameters, if $I(1)$ variables are not negligible in the statistics. To...

Abstract It is increasingly recognized that institutional factors such as trade unions do play a dominant role in determining the levels of wages, standard of working conditions. This is more pronounced in the industrial sector of developing economies. The role of labor organizations in the...