Two approaches for model modification, or specification search, in structural equation modeling are: releasing constraints (e.g., adding free parameters) and imposing constraints (e.g., deleting free parameters). These two approaches can be considered as "forward search" and "backward search",...

This review highlights the importance of air quality in the African urban development process. We address connections between air pollution and (a) rapid urbanization, (b) social problems, (c) health impacts, (d) climate change, (e) policies, and (f) new innovations. We acknowledge that air...

This paper presents spatially explicit analyses of the greenspace contribution to residential property values in a hedonic model. The paper utilizes data from the housing market near downtown Los Angeles. We first used a standard hedonic model to estimate greenspace effects. Because the...