Non-tariff measures (NTMs) beyond traditional trade policy instruments define the requirements that importing countries imposed on foreign products. Due to differences across countries, requirements for supplying foreign markets can lead to trade costs and thus hamper international trade. In...

We identify that consignments rejected by the European Union, due to the presence of unauthorized Genetically Modified food, have been diverted to third countries, creating trade deflections. We rely on a gravity model to examine the effects on food products. Our results show that the rejection...

This article presents a systematization and quantitative evaluation of the economic literature regarding the Brazilian Development Bank - BNDES - produced since its foundation, in 1952, until 2013. We identified, catalogued, read and analyzed approximately 1000 studies, in order to understand...