Automated trade execution systems are examined with respect to the degree to which they automate the price discovery process. Seven levels of automation of price discovery are identified, and 47 systems are classified according to these criteria. Systems operating at various levels of automation...

A taxonomy of existing and planned automated trade execution systems in financial markets is provided. Over 50 automated market structures in 16 countries are analyzed. The classification scheme is organized around the principle that such markets consist of an algorithm that performs a trade...

The competing risks technique is applied to the analysis of times to execution and cancellation of limit orders submitted on an electronic trading platform. Time-to-execution is found to be more sensitive to the limit price variation than time-to-cancellation, even though it is less sensitive to...