A pooled sample of 3,290 Algerian workers from two regional household surveys captures the determinants of access to the formal vs. informal labour market segments. Youth, female gender and low educational attainment drive informal employment. Segmentation does not preclude occupational...

The Non-Observed Economy (NOE) vs. the Shadow Economy (SE) display large discrepancies throughout the European Union transition countries, in particular in Poland. A tractable taxonomy of unobserved activities is designed according to both definition and scope. Direct measurements from tax...

The informal sector, according to ILO’s definition, nurtures to a large extent both the economic activities of the port as well as the overall economy of Djibouti. A comparative approach of two surveys carried out in 1980 (PECTA) and 2001 (PATARE) emphasizes the evolution of the various...

We test the assumptions of trade-off theory (TOT) and pecking order theory (POT) regarding corporate leverage. The dependent variable being the debt ratio, we apply a linear model upon a balanced panel data-set of 2,370 French SMEs over the period 2002 - 2010. In accordance to TOT, trade credit...