We find an example where real exchange rate (RER) is stationary and the nominal exchange rate and the price levels are cointegrated but purchasing power parity (PPP) does not hold, which reveals a fault of the unit root and cointegration tests in this use. We argue that the distribution of an...

The ratio, Penn effect and behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) are used to assess the level of the bilateral real exchange rate (RER) of the Chinese RMB against the US dollar in 1980–2012. The statistical indexes and economic meaning indicate that the findings from the BEER and ratio...

In popular studies, the theory of purchasing power parity (PPP) is tested for the real exchange rate (RER) that is constructed by price indexes and all variables are logarithmic. In this paper, we test the absolute PPP theory for the RER that is constructed by general price levels and is in its...

In this paper, the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) model used in a time-series setting is investigated, via its application to the valuation of Chinese renminbi. A classical definition with its generalization is given. The different misalignment results derived from the BEER models...

The behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) and the Penn effect models are compared via their applications on the valuation of the Renminbi (RMB). The definition for the Penn effect model is provided. The differences and relations between the two models in various econometric method settings...

A simple currency valuation model is given. The model is based on the Penn effect but reduces the uncertainty of the econometric specification that the Penn effect and many other models have. We use the model to valuate eleven main currencies’ bilateral real exchange rate against the US dollar...