the past five decades. Our focus is on how employment levels and earnings relate to population density - that is, how … longstanding suburbanization of employment and population in cities with very dense urban cores essentially stopped in the first … decade of the 21st century. For cities with less dense cores, however, the decentralization of employment continues, even as …

Using panel data for 15 industrial countries, active labor market policies (ALMPs) are shown to have raised employment … variables. Among such policies, direct subsidies to job creation were the most effective. ALMPs also affected employment rates …

Over the last 15 years, the reforms of employment protection legislation (EPL) in European countries have mainly eased … hiring and firing restrictions for temporary employment while leaving the strict EPL provisions for regular or permanent …