This paper examines how financial fluctuations and macroeconomic stability interact in the case of Venezuela, acknowledging that financial conditions deteriorating the macroeconomic environment can arise with both good and bad macroeconomic performance. An empirical methodology is provided that...

This paper examines how financial fluctuations and macroeconomic stability interact in the case of Venezuela, acknowledging that financial conditions deteriorating the macroeconomic environment can arise with both good and bad macroeconomic performance. An empirical methodology is provided that...

In Venezuela, exchange controls affect firm competitiveness, market structures and, potentially, markups’ size. Also, legal rigidities in the labor market and an active setting of minimum wages by the government could produce other markup innovations. These exogenous variations in markups...