This paper establishes mild probability-theoretical conditions under which observations of space-averaged speed and occupancy in some area concentrate with low scatter around a well-defined curve. These conditions are validated against empirical data from Stockholm and Geneva. No equilibrating...

This paper examines mild conditions under which a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) emerges, relating space-averaged speed to occupancy in some area. These conditions are validated against empirical data. We allow local speed-occupancy relationships and , in particular, require no...

This paper studies the interaction between dynamic traffic congestion and urban spatial equilibrium, using a model that is a straight unification of the Vickrey (1969) bottleneck congestion model and the Alonso (1964) monocentric city model. In a monocentric city with a bottleneck at the...

Model misspecification is a serious issue since misspecification generally renders statistical inference invalid. However, specification testing of discrete choice models is rarely applied. This paper describes a nonparametric test procedure which uses a combination of smoothed residual plots...