Purpose – The closed‐end fund puzzle is one of the most famous unsolved issues in financial economics and as such, over time, it has raised the interest of many authors also in the real estate field. The aim of this paper is both to determine whether the effect of leverage on net asset value...

Purpose – In Germany, open‐ended funds represent the prevailing form of indirect real estate investment for retail and institutional investors. The purpose of this paper is to address whether significant performance differences occur between retail and institutional funds....

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define an approach useful to evaluate real estate funds on the specific characteristics of the Italian market and on the basis of international best practices. Design/methodology/approach – The first step is to identify specific factors and portfolio...