This study analyzes the trade-off relationship between layoffs and wage cuts. If the introduction of a performance-based payment system stimulates workers' pecuniarymotivated minds, their morale can be damaged more severely by wage cuts than prior to the introduction thereof. Utilizing this...

In this paper, we study optimal public good provision with congestion and user fees to exclude some agents under lump-sum tax/transfer, constrained by the condition of reduction of envy. We adopt the λ envy-free constraint proposed by Diamantaras and Thomson(1990), and employ the exclusion...